1989 Newcastle earthquake
| Date | 28 December 1989 |
|---|---|
| Magnitude | 5.6 ML (5.4  [1] ) |
| Depth | 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) |
| Epicenter | Boolaroo, New South Wales at |
| Countries or regions | Australia |
| Casualties | 13 dead and approximately 160 injured |
The 1989 Newcastle earthquake was a Richter magnitude 5.6 earthquake that occurred in Newcastle, New South Wales on Thursday, 28 December 1989, at 10:27 am.[2] It was one of Australia's most serious natural disasters, killing 13 people and injuring more than 160. The damage bill has been estimated at A$4 billion (including an insured loss of about $1 billion).[2]
The effects were felt over an area of around 200,000 square kilometres (77,220 sq mi) in the state of New South Wales, with isolated reports of movement in areas up to 800 kilometres (497 mi) from Newcastle.[2] Damage to buildings and facilities was reported over an area of 9,000 km2 (3,475 sq mi).
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Death toll and damage to buildings
The highest death toll and damage occurred at the Newcastle Workers Club, where the floor collapsed and nine people were killed and many more trapped beneath rubble.[2] Another three people were crushed to death under collapsed awnings on Beaumont Street, Hamilton, an inner-city suburb of Newcastle. Following the death of a woman in Broadmeadow from earthquake-related shock, the final death toll was raised to 13.[2]
The earthquake caused damage to over 35,000 homes, 147 schools, and 3,000 commercial and/or other buildings, with significant damage caused to 10,000 homes (damage worth over $1,000) and 42 schools (structural damage), within the immediate Newcastle area.
The number of people in the city on the day of the earthquake was lower than usual, due to a strike by local bus drivers. The earthquake struck in the middle of an interview by local television station NBN with a union representative.
Facts
- Deaths: 13 total, including;
- 9 people who were killed at the Newcastle Workers Club
- 3 people who were killed in Beaumont Street, Hamilton
- 1 person who died of earthquake induced shock
- Injuries: 160 people were hospitalised.
- Damaged Buildings: 50,000 buildings were damaged; about 80 percent of these were homes.
- Demolition: 300 buildings were demolished including more than 100 homes, The Newcastle Workers Club, The Century Theatre and King's Hall.
- Human Effects: 300,000 people were affected and 1,000 made homeless.
- Cost: The total financial cost of the earthquake is estimated to have amounted to about A$4 billion.
- Felt Area: Estimated 800 km (497 mi) around the epicentre.
- Magnitude: 5.6 ML; 5.4 [1]
- Epicentre: Boolaroo
- Aftershocks: One aftershock (M 2.1 on the Richter scale) was recorded on 29 December 1989.[2]
Cause
In early 2007 a United States academic claimed that coal mining in the region triggered the earthquake, although earthquake activity has been present in the area at least since white settlement first occurred.[3][4] This is in addition to reports by the former head of Geosciences Australia's earthquake monitoring group, Dr David Denholm, who stated that the Newcastle earthquake was some distance from mining activity:
"The depths of the focus of the earthquake was about 13, 14 kilometres, whereas the ones associated with mining, they're actually right close to the mine, because that's where the stress release takes place".[5]
Despite this, even the most recent earthquake codes required neither the adoption of earthquake resistant design regulations in Newcastle, nor the strengthening of old buildings, although they did encourage owners to provide more than the minimum strength.[6]
In popular culture
Songs about the Newcastle earthquake include "Earthquakin'" recorded in January 1990 by Newcastle Ska Band The Porkers and "Faultline" by Australian rock band Silverchair, from 1995. Silverchair lead singer Daniel Johns lost a childhood friend during the earthquake.[7] Patrick Cullen's collection of stories, "What Came Between", begins with the earthquake.[8]
References
- ^ a b "Significant Earthquake". National Geophysical Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=5221&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Earthquake". Newcastle City Council. http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/about_newcastle/history_and_heritage/earthquake. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "Mining triggered Newcastle quake, says US academic". ABC News Online. 9 January 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1823536.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ C. Sinadinovski, T. Jones, D. Stewart, And N. Corby. "Earthquake Factsheets - Newcastle". Geoscience Australia. http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA4189.pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
- ^ "Australian experts reject Newcastle quake claims". ABC News Online. 9 January 2007. http://www.abc.net.au//news/stories/2007/01/09/1823667.htm.
- ^ "Earthquake History, Regional Seismicity And The 1989 Newcastle Earthquake". Geoscience Australia. 22 June 2004. http://www.ga.gov.au/urban/factsheets/earthquakes_newcastle.jsp.
- ^ "Behind the News (ABC TV news program)". 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090426190103/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/btn/stories/s2041720.htm.
- ^ "What Came Between (Book)". 9 April 2011. http://scribepublications.com.au/book/whatcamebetween.
External links
- "Newcastle earthquake image gallery". Newcastle City Council. http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/about_newcastle/news_and_events/image_galleries/newcastle_earthquake. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- News footage by NBN Television, compiled a number of weeks after the quake. The footage shows the quake interrupting an interview, and also shows parts of the city on the day of the quake: particularly Hamilton, the Newcastle Workers Club, the city centre and inner-city suburbs.
- Geoscience Australia: CCIP Project - Newcastle (Earthquake Risk in Newcastle and Lake Macquarie)
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